# King Tutankhamun's Tomb: Discovery of the Century

### Quick Facts

- Discovery Date: November 4, 1922
- Discoverer: Howard Carter
- Location: Valley of the Kings, KV62
- Items Found: Over 5,000 artifacts
- Tut's Reign: c. 1332-1323 BC

On November 4, 1922, British archaeologist Howard Carter made the discovery that would define his life and captivate the world: the nearly intact tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. After years of fruitless searching in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, Carter's discovery revealed treasures beyond imagination and sparked enduring fascination with ancient Egypt.

### Howard Carter's Quest

Carter had been excavating in the Valley of the Kings since 1915, funded by wealthy British aristocrat Lord Carnarvon. By 1922, after six years of disappointing results, Carnarvon was ready to abandon the expensive expedition. Carter convinced his patron to finance one final season. On November 4, a water boy discovered a stone step beneath workers' huts near the tomb of Ramesses VI.

Carter immediately cabled Carnarvon in England. On November 26, with Carnarvon present, Carter made a small opening in the sealed doorway. Holding up a candle, he peered through. "Can you see anything?" Carnarvon asked impatiently. Carter replied with words that became legendary: "Yes, wonderful things." They had found an antechamber filled with golden treasures, furniture, chariots, and statues, barely disturbed for over 3,200 years.

### The Curse Legend

- Lord Carnarvon died from infected mosquito bite, April 1923
- Newspapers sensationalized "curse of the pharaohs"
- Carter lived until 1939, dying at age 64
- Most team members lived normal lifespans
- Scientific studies found no curse, only natural deaths

### The Curse That Wasn't

When Lord Carnarvon died in Cairo on April 5, 1923, just months after the tomb's opening, newspapers worldwide proclaimed the "Curse of the Pharaohs." Sensational stories claimed that an inscription warned "Death shall come on swift wings to him who disturbs the peace of the King." No such inscription existed. Carnarvon died from blood poisoning after a mosquito bite became infected.

Despite the absence of any actual curse, the legend persisted as other expedition members died. However, statistical analysis shows they lived normal lifespans. Carter himself lived for 17 years after the discovery, dying at 64 from lymphoma. The curse was pure fiction, created by journalists and perpetuated by public fascination with the exotic and mysterious.

### Treasures Beyond Measure

The tomb contained over 5,000 objects crammed into four small rooms. Carter spent ten years carefully cataloging and removing the treasures. The antechamber held three gilded couches shaped like animals, chariot parts, furniture, and guardian statues. The annex room contained a jumbled mass of everyday objects: furniture, baskets, jars, food, wine, and clothing.

The burial chamber housed the pharaoh's nested coffins within four gilded shrines. The third coffin, made of solid gold, weighed 243 pounds. Most famous of all was Tutankhamun's death mask: 24 pounds of gold inlaid with lapis lazuli, carnelian, and colored glass. The mask's serene face has become the most recognizable image from ancient Egypt, symbolizing the civilization's artistic achievement and spiritual beliefs about the afterlife.

### Notable Treasures

- Golden death mask (24 pounds of gold)
- Three coffins, innermost of solid gold
- Four gilded shrines surrounding the sarcophagus
- Golden throne with intimate portrait of king and queen
- Chariots, weapons, jewelry, and 130 walking sticks

### Learning About the Boy King

Tutankhamun ascended Egypt's throne around age nine and died mysteriously at approximately eighteen. For decades, scholars debated his death: murder, accident, or illness? Modern scientific analysis, including DNA testing and CT scans, revealed Tut suffered from genetic disorders caused by inbreeding, including a club foot and cleft palate. He likely died from complications of a broken leg combined with malaria.

The tomb revealed that Tutankhamun was the son of the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten, who had attempted to replace Egypt's traditional polytheistic religion with worship of a single god, the Aten. Tutankhamun's brief reign focused on restoring the old gods and repairing temples damaged during his father's radical reforms. His name originally was Tutankhaten ("Living Image of Aten") but changed to Tutankhamun ("Living Image of Amun") to reflect the religious restoration.

### Enduring Legacy

Tutankhamun was a minor pharaoh who accomplished little during his short life. Yet his tomb's discovery made him history's most famous Egyptian ruler. The treasures sparked worldwide "Egyptomania," inspiring art, fashion, and architecture throughout the 1920s and beyond. Today, the golden mask remains Egypt's greatest symbol, while the tomb's discovery represents archaeology's finest moment, when scientific method and patience yielded treasures that illuminate an ancient civilization's beliefs, artistry, and daily life.