# The Roman Colosseum: The Flavian Amphitheatre

### Quick Facts

- Built: 70-80 AD
- Builders: Emperor Vespasian and Titus
- Capacity: 50,000-80,000 spectators
- Original Name: Flavian Amphitheatre
- Location: Rome, Italy

Rising from the heart of ancient Rome, the Colosseum stands as the greatest amphitheatre ever constructed, a testament to Roman engineering prowess and the empire's appetite for spectacular entertainment. Known officially as the Flavian Amphitheatre, this colossal structure has captivated the world for nearly two thousand years.

### Construction Under the Flavian Dynasty

Emperor Vespasian commissioned the Colosseum around 70 AD on the site of Nero's despised Golden House, symbolically returning the land to the Roman people. Built by tens of thousands of Jewish slaves following the conquest of Jerusalem, the amphitheatre took approximately eight years to complete. Vespasian died before its completion, and his son Titus inaugurated the structure in 80 AD with 100 days of games that allegedly claimed the lives of 9,000 animals and numerous gladiators.

The construction employed revolutionary Roman concrete technology alongside travertine limestone, tuff, and brick-faced concrete. Standing 157 feet tall with a base measuring 620 by 513 feet, the elliptical structure featured four stories. The exterior showcased three levels of arches adorned with engaged columns in ascending architectural orders: Doric on the ground level, Ionic on the second, and Corinthian on the third.

### Architectural Innovations

- 80 entrance arches for rapid crowd dispersal
- Hypogeum: underground tunnel system for gladiators and animals
- Velarium: retractable awning system operated by sailors
- Sophisticated drainage system for naval battles
- Trapdoors and elevators for dramatic entrances

### Spectacles and Entertainment

The Colosseum hosted an extraordinary variety of entertainment. Gladiatorial contests were the main attraction, pitting trained fighters against each other or wild beasts in mortal combat. Mock sea battles, called naumachiae, transformed the arena floor into a water-filled battleground, though these spectacular events were more common in the early years before the underground hypogeum was fully developed.

Animal hunts known as venationes featured exotic creatures from across the empire: lions from Africa, bears from northern Europe, elephants, tigers, and even crocodiles. Executions of condemned criminals, often staged as mythological reenactments, provided grim public spectacle. The games served multiple purposes: entertainment, political propaganda, and demonstration of Roman power and dominance over nature and enemies.

### Engineering Marvel

The Colosseum's engineering was revolutionary. Its 80 entrances, numbered with Roman numerals, allowed the massive crowd to enter and exit in minutes. The complex hypogeum beneath the arena floor contained an elaborate system of tunnels, chambers, and mechanical lifts that could raise gladiators, scenery, and animals through trapdoors into the arena with dramatic effect.

The velarium, a massive retractable awning, protected spectators from the sun. This sophisticated system of ropes, pulleys, and wooden masts required a dedicated team of experienced sailors from the Roman navy to operate it, showcasing the interdisciplinary expertise of Roman civilization.

### Legacy and Survival

- Last gladiatorial games held in 435 AD
- Damaged by earthquakes in 847 and 1349
- Used as a quarry for building materials during Middle Ages
- Protected by Pope Benedict XIV in 1749
- Named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007

### Enduring Symbol

Though damaged by earthquakes, stone-robbers, and time, the Colosseum remains Rome's most iconic monument. It has inspired architecture worldwide, from bullrings to modern sports stadiums. As a symbol of ancient Rome's grandeur and cruelty, its engineering brilliance and entertainment excess, the Colosseum continues to draw millions of visitors annually, standing as an eternal reminder of an empire that dominated the ancient world.