# The Parthenon: Athens's Crown Jewel

### Quick Facts

- Built: 447-432 BC
- Architects: Ictinus and Callicrates
- Sculptor: Phidias
- Dedicated to: Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin)
- Location: Acropolis, Athens, Greece

Crowning the sacred rock of the Acropolis, the Parthenon stands as the ultimate achievement of Classical Greek architecture. Built during Athens's Golden Age under Pericles, this magnificent temple honored Athena, the city's patron goddess, while celebrating Athenian democracy, power, and cultural supremacy following victory over the Persians.

### A Vision of Perfection

The Parthenon replaced an earlier temple destroyed by Persian invaders in 480 BC. Pericles, Athens's visionary leader, commissioned architects Ictinus and Callicrates to design a temple worthy of the city's glory. Construction began in 447 BC using gleaming Pentelic marble, the finest white marble quarried from nearby Mount Pentelicus. Over 13,000 stones were precisely cut and assembled without mortar, held together by iron clamps.

The building measured 228 feet long and 101 feet wide, with 46 outer columns and 19 inner columns supporting the roof. Though it appears perfectly rectangular, the Parthenon contains no straight lines. Every supposedly horizontal and vertical line incorporates subtle curves, a technique called entasis, creating optical illusions that make the structure appear perfectly proportioned to the human eye.

### Mathematical Optical Illusions

- Columns curve slightly outward to prevent appearing concave
- Platform curves upward in the center to prevent sagging appearance
- Corner columns are thicker to compensate for light effects
- Columns lean inward slightly to create visual stability
- All designed to correct distortions in human perception

### Phidias and the Sculptural Program

The master sculptor Phidias oversaw the Parthenon's extraordinary artistic program. The temple housed his most famous work: a colossal chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos, standing 38 feet tall and covered in ivory and gold. This magnificent statue, now lost to history, depicted the goddess in full armor, holding a statue of Nike (Victory) in one hand and a shield in the other.

The temple's exterior featured three types of sculptural decoration. The pediments (triangular gables) at each end contained magnificent sculptures depicting Athena's birth from Zeus's head and her contest with Poseidon for Athens. A continuous frieze 524 feet long wrapped around the inner chamber, depicting the Panathenaic procession, a religious festival honoring Athena. The metopes (rectangular panels) showed mythological battles representing the triumph of civilization over chaos.

### The Elgin Marbles Controversy

Between 1801 and 1812, Lord Elgin, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire (which then controlled Greece), removed approximately half of the surviving Parthenon sculptures and shipped them to England. Known as the Elgin Marbles or Parthenon Marbles, these masterpieces now reside in the British Museum, sparking one of history's longest-running cultural property disputes.

Greece has repeatedly demanded the sculptures' return, arguing they were taken without proper authority and rightfully belong in Athens. The British Museum maintains they were legally acquired and are better preserved and more accessible in London. The controversy highlights complex questions about cultural heritage, colonialism, and who has the right to possess ancient artifacts.

### Surviving Destruction

- 438 BC: Converted to Christian church
- 1458: Transformed into Ottoman mosque
- 1687: Venetian bombardment caused massive explosion
- 1800s: Elgin removes approximately 50% of sculptures
- 1975-present: Ongoing restoration and conservation

### Destruction and Restoration

The Parthenon survived relatively intact for over 2,000 years despite conversions to a Christian church and later an Ottoman mosque. Catastrophe struck in 1687 when Venetian forces besieged Athens. The Ottomans used the Parthenon as a gunpowder magazine, and a Venetian cannonball ignited the explosives, destroying much of the interior and blowing out the central section of the building.

Modern restoration efforts began in 1975, employing cutting-edge technology and archaeological research to preserve and partially reconstruct the monument. The Acropolis Restoration Project uses titanium clamps instead of iron to prevent corrosion, and each intervention is carefully documented and reversible according to modern conservation principles.

### Eternal Symbol

Despite centuries of damage, the Parthenon remains the world's most influential building. Its proportions and design elements have been copied in countless structures worldwide, from the United States Supreme Court to the British Museum itself. As a symbol of democracy, classical beauty, and Western civilization, the Parthenon continues to inspire and provoke debate, standing as humanity's most perfect architectural achievement.