# Valley of the Kings: Royal Necropolis of Ancient Egypt

### Fast Facts

- Location: West bank of Nile near Luxor (ancient Thebes)
- Period of Use: 1539-1075 BCE (New Kingdom)
- Number of Tombs: 63 discovered (as of 2024)
- Most Famous Discovery: Tutankhamun's tomb (KV62), 1922

### A Hidden City of the Dead

The Valley of the Kings, known to ancient Egyptians as "Ta-sekhet-ma'at" (The Great Field), served as the principal burial ground for pharaohs and powerful nobles during Egypt's New Kingdom period. Located on the west bank of the Nile across from ancient Thebes (modern Luxor), this remote desert valley was chosen for its isolation and the natural pyramid-shaped peak of Al-Qurn that loomed above it. After centuries of tomb robberies targeting the highly visible pyramids of the Old Kingdom, New Kingdom pharaohs sought security through secrecy, carving their tombs deep into the limestone cliffs and sealing them to appear invisible from the surface.

The valley actually consists of two branches: the East Valley, containing most of the royal tombs, and the West Valley, with fewer burials. The tombs vary dramatically in size and complexity, from simple single-chamber affairs to elaborate multi-room complexes extending over 100 meters into the rock. Tomb construction typically began immediately upon a pharaoh's accession to the throne, with workers racing to complete the burial chamber before death arrived unexpectedly. The decoration of these tombs was not merely artistic but deeply religious, covering walls with spells from the Book of the Dead, the Amduat, and other funerary texts designed to guide and protect the deceased through the perilous journey to the afterlife.

### The Plague of Tomb Robberies

Despite the secrecy surrounding the Valley of the Kings, tomb robbery became endemic, often occurring within generations of a burial. The immense wealth interred with pharaohs—gold, jewels, precious oils, and elaborate furniture—proved an irresistible temptation. Tomb robberies were not random acts of vandalism but often sophisticated operations involving multiple parties, including guards, priests, and officials who possessed inside knowledge of tomb locations and layouts. Ancient papyri record trials of tomb robbers, revealing organized gangs who broke through sealed doors, ransacked burial chambers, and sometimes burned mummies to extract gold amulets and jewelry.

### Ancient Security Measures

Egyptians employed various anti-theft measures: hidden entrances, false corridors, massive stone plugs blocking passages, and curses inscribed on walls. Workers who built tombs were often housed in the isolated village of Deir el-Medina. Despite these precautions, by the end of the New Kingdom, most tombs had been violated.

### Howard Carter's Magnificent Discovery

By the early 20th century, most Egyptologists believed the Valley of the Kings had yielded all its secrets. British archaeologist Howard Carter thought otherwise. Funded by Lord Carnarvon, Carter methodically excavated the valley for six years with disappointing results. In November 1922, just as Carnarvon was ready to abandon the project, Carter's team discovered a buried staircase. On November 26, Carter made a small hole in the sealed doorway and peered inside by candlelight. When Carnarvon asked, "Can you see anything?" Carter replied with words that have echoed through archaeological history: "Yes, wonderful things!"

Carter had found the tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62), the only royal tomb discovered substantially intact. While small compared to tombs of more significant pharaohs, it contained over 5,000 objects: golden chariots, thrones, beds, weapons, jewelry, and the famous golden death mask. The discovery caused worldwide sensation and revealed the unimaginable splendor with which even a minor pharaoh was buried. If Tutankhamun, who died young and ruled briefly, was buried with such magnificence, one can only imagine the treasures that once filled the tombs of powerful rulers like Seti I or Ramesses II.

### The Legacy and Modern Preservation

The Valley of the Kings continues to reveal secrets. In 2005, archaeologists discovered KV63, a cache of mummification materials, and in 2008, confirmed that KV64 contained the burial of a royal daughter. Modern technology, including ground-penetrating radar and 3D scanning, may yet reveal hidden chambers. However, the valley faces threats from tourism, with thousands of daily visitors bringing moisture, carbon dioxide, and physical wear that damages delicate wall paintings. Conservation efforts now limit visitor numbers to certain tombs and have created detailed digital replicas to preserve these masterpieces of ancient art and architecture for future generations. The Valley of the Kings remains one of archaeology's most important sites, a testament to ancient Egypt's sophisticated beliefs about death, the afterlife, and the eternal nature of kingship.